Match the word in bold with their synonyms. 2 variants are extra

who was awarded the Noble Prize

give or grant (by official decision)

which won for them the Noble Prize

get by means of hard work or struggle as a result of competition

the threshold of a new technological age

start, beginning

their quality is often uneven

irregular, changing

Fill in gaps. Several words are extra.

When we say a metal conducts electricity well, we really mean it offers little or no resistance when you try to make a current flow through it; when we say plastics insulate well, we're actually saying that they put high resistance to electric currents. Resistance is often a much more useful concept than trying to divide materials into conductors and "insulators". In 1911 a Dutch physicist named H.K. Onnes found that electrical resistance suddenly disappeared when he cooled a wire made of mercury to the temperature of -269C (or4 K). In other words, he'd discovered superconductivity. He also found out that if applied a strong magnetic field to his mercury, the superconductivity vanished as quickly as it had arrived.

Fill in gaps. Several words are extra.

The practical applications/uses of superconductivity are limited because of the very low temperatures required. Some materials, for example, lead, become almost perfect conductors at very low temperatures at the absolute zero. However, a number of applications/uses have been proposed. If a current is induced by a magnetic field in a ring of superconducting material, it will continue to circulate when the magnetic field is removed. In theory this could be made use of in the memory cells of computers. Memory cells made of superconducting materials could store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivity of the cells, the information could be retrieved quickly.

Fill in gaps. Several words are extra.

Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be superconductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperature much higher than conventional superconductors. One superconducting material for the new superconductor would be to replace those that need the extreme cold of liquid helium-huge electromagnets used in nuclear resonance research, atomic particle acceleration and research reactors. Several nations are known to be very active in this scientific research. For example, the USA is spending millions of dollars on such research, much of it for military uses.

Define the meaning of the words in bold. 2 defenitions are extra.

The practical applications of superconductivity are limited because of the very low temperatures required. Some materials, for example lead, become almost perfect conductors at very low temperatures at the absolute zero (—273 °C). However, a number of uses have been proposed.

If a current is induced by a magnetic field in a ring of superconducting material, it will continue to circulate when the magnetic field is removed. In theory this could be made use of in the memory cells of computers. Memory cells made of superconducting material could store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivity of the cells, the information could be retrieved quickly, as fast as 10⁻⁸ seconds.

90 per cent of the total losses in modern transformers is due to the resistance of the windings. Transformers could be made with windings cooled to the low temperature at which superconductivity occurs. The resistance would be zero and the transformer would be almost ideal. Similarly, a 100 % efficient electric motor has been proposed using the magnetic field of superconducting coils.

cell

a piece of equipment for producing electricity from chemicals, heat, or light

lead

a soft heavy grey metal that melts easily and is poisonous, used on roofs, or in the past for water pipes.

coil

a wire or a metal tube inacontinuous circular shape that produces light or heat when electricity is passed through it

windings

material (as wire) wound or coiled about an object (as an armature); also: a single turn of the wound material

retrieve

to find something and bring it back

current

a flow of electricity through a wire

What is the reason of total losses in modern transformers?

Выберите один ответ:

a. resistence in windings ✅

b. magnetic field

c. uneven materials

d. alternating current

Why information can be retrieved quickly due to superconductivity?

Выберите один ответ:

a. zero resistivity ✅

b. absence of magnetic field

c. high temperature

d. beautiful memory cells

What metal can become a superconductor at -273 C?

Выберите один ответ:

a. iron

b. lithium

c. aluminium

d. lead ✅

How long can superconductors possess their qualities withiout special conditions ?

Выберите один ответ:

a. 90 years

b. nobody knows

c. indefinetely

d. minutes or hours ✅

How can we get an ideal transformer?

Выберите один ответ:

a. due to zero resistance ✅

b. magnetic field

c. due to high resistance

d. due to low resistance

Practical application of superconductors is .....

Выберите один ответ:

a. limited ✅

b. common

c. unlimited

d. impossible

1. induce

bring about

2. remove

take off, away

3. indefinitely

inlimetedly

4. memory cell

the unit of computer which stores data for future use

5. retrieve

find and get back

6. winding

length of wire wound in a spiral to conduct electric current

7. coil

spiral

Write the appropriate English word

достижение

achievement

Write the appropriate English word

электрический ток

current

Write the appropriate English word

выгода

benefit

Write the appropriate English word

кипеть

boil

Write the appropriate English word

выдающийся

prominent

Write the appropriate English word

стремиться, иметь тенденцию

tend

Write the appropriate English word

пропускать (электрический ток)

pass

Write the appropriate English word

провод (не кабель)

wire

Write the appropriate English word

удельное сопротивление

resistivity

Write the appropriate English word

достаточно

sufficiently

Write the appropriate English word

охлаждать

cool

Write the appropriate English word

случайный, беспорядочный

random

Potential technical uses of high temperature __________________________ are unlikely to be possible and practical.

Выберите один ответ:

a. conductivity

b. superconductivity ✅

c. resistivity

d. sensibility

In 1950 Landau and Ginzburg made a __________________________ in the development of superconductivity theory.

Выберите один ответ:

a. benefit

b. proposal

c. contribution ✅

d. discovery

The practical applications of superconductivity are limited because of the very____temperatures revolution in industry.

Выберите один ответ:

a. mean

b. great

c. huge

d. low ✅

The latest ____________________ in superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry.

Выберите один ответ:

a. knowledge

b. achievements ✅

c. discussions

d. efforts

Most of the known superconductors are alloys or_________

Выберите один ответ:

a. compounds ✅

b. chеmicals

c. means

d. composite

Superconductors are likely to find __________________________ we don't even think of at present.

Выберите один ответ:

a. appreciations

b. evaluations

c. advantages

d. applications ✅

_________________________________ were once thought be physically impossible.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Non conductors

b. Superconductors ✅

c. Alloys

d. Conductors

Superconductors are easily made, but their quality is often ___________.

Выберите один ответ:

a. irregular

b. uneven ✅

c. unequal

d. abrupt

The latest achievements in the______of superconductivity have made a revolution in industry.

Выберите один ответ:

a. location

b. range

c. field ✅

d. circle

The phenomenon of superconductivity was _____ in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who found that the resistance of mercury dropped suddenly to zero at a temperature of about 4.2K.

Выберите один ответ:

a. revealed

b. made known

c. discovered ✅

d. disclosed

Scientists_______a full understanding of how ceramics become conductors.

Выберите один ответ:

a. invent

b. provide

c. make

d. lack ✅

A Dutch physicist K.Onnes was __________________________ the Nobel prize for his low-temperature research in conductivity.

Выберите один ответ:

a. taken

b. awarded ✅

c. provided

d. regarded

A transistor is an active semiconductor______with three or more electrons.

Выберите один ответ:

a. phenomenon

b. creation

c. device ✅

d. condition

A superconductor with a transition temperature could be _____ with liquid nitrogen.

Выберите один ответ:

a. refrigerated

b. cooled ✅

c. frozen

d. chilled

In 1911 superconductivity was ______________________________ by a Dutch physicist K.Onnes.

Выберите один ответ:

a. discovered ✅

b. opened

c. folded

d. taken

Some years ago the scientists_______a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors.

Выберите один ответ:

a. exchanged

b. discovered

c. generated

d. introduced ✅

Superconductivity was a completely unexpected ______________________ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. achievement

b. phenomenon ✅

c. phenomena

d. case

Superconductivity is almost total _________ of electrical resistance in certain materials when they are cooled to a temperature near absolute zero.

Выберите один ответ:

a. need

b. lack ✅

c. shortcoming

d. deficit

Prestige, economic and military ________________________ could come well to the nation that first will master such a new field of physics as superconductivity.

Выберите один ответ:

a. understanding

b. advantages

c. benefits ✅

d. limits

Superconductors are______difficult to fabricate into wires.

Выберите один ответ:

a. possibly

b. widely

c. extremely ✅

d. approximately

Physics studies the________of superconductivity.

Выберите один ответ:

a. phenomenon ✅

b. provision

c. use

d. appearance

Scientists from IBM found a ______________________ material that became a superconductor at a temperature of 23 K.

Выберите один ответ:

a. vital

b. ceramic ✅

c. rubber

d. glass

They found a metallic ceramic __________ to become a superconductor.

Выберите один ответ:

a. compound ✅

b. alloy

c. union

d. connection

Landau and Ginzburg introduced a model which was useful in understanding electromagnetic ____________________ of superconductors.

Выберите один ответ:

a. qualities

b. properties ✅

c. benefits

d. quantities

Electrical _______________________ of a mercury wiry disappears suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin.

Выберите один ответ:

a. credibility

b. resistivity ✅

c. liability

d. conductivity

Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new _____________________ materials.

Выберите один ответ:

a. efficient ❌

b. commercial

c. non conductive

d. conducting

Define the grammar construction

They believed him to be capable.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction

b. Complex Subject

c. Complex Object ✅

Define the grammar construction

Recommendations from physics will allow the necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction

b. Complex Subject

c. Complex Object ✅

Define the grammar construction

The specialists considered the given data to be inaccurate.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject

b. Another construction

c. Complex Object ✅

Define the grammar construction

The thermometer is a device to measure temperature.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject

b. Complex Object ❌

c. Another construction (скорее всего ✅)

Define the grammar construction

We heard the computer clattering in the next room.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction

b. Complex Subject

c. Complex Object ✅

Define the grammar construction

The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to have been produced.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction

b. Complex Subject ✅

c. Complex Object

Define the grammar construction

The system is considered to meet the increasing demand for air travel.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object

b. Complex Subject ✅

c. Another construction

Define the grammar construction

Lasers are unlikely to be used in our everyday life.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object

b. Complex Subject

c. Another construction ❌

Define the grammar construction

This method proved to be a tried and trusted one that can cope with future demand for air travel.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject ✅

b. Complex Object

c. Another construction

Define the grammar construction

It would seem desirable to make a study of this phenomenon.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction ✅

b. Complex Subject

c. Complex Object

Define the grammar construction

Most stars are likely to have planets.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object

b. Complex Subject ✅

c. Another construction

Define the grammar construction

Properties of materials obtained in space prove to be much better than those produced on Earth.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction

b. Complex Subject ✅

c. Complex Object

Define the grammar construction

This part of land is believed to be once under the sea.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object

b. Another construction

c. Complex Subject ✅

Define the grammar construction

The rains made the road impassable.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object ✅

b. Another construction

c. Complex Subject

Define the grammar construction

Today's aircraft is expected to be replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject ✅

b. Another construction

c. Complex Object

Define the grammar construction

Chemists succeded in making plastics which are in some cases superior to natural materials.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object

b. Complex Subject

c. Another construction ✅

Define the grammar construction

There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction ✅

b. Complex Object

c. Complex Subject

Define the grammar construction

Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction ✅

b. Complex Object

c. Complex Subject

Define the grammar construction

We know digital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object ✅

b. Complex Subject

c. Another construction

Define the grammar construction

One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject

b. Complex Object ❌

c. Another construction (скорее всего ✅)

Define the grammar construction

Black holes represent the most extreme stage of collapse.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject

b. Another construction ✅

c. Complex Object

Define the grammar construction

Vacuum allows many things to be explored more accurately.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Subject

b. Complex Object ✅

c. Another construction

Define the grammar construction

The possibilities of guided missiles as an effective weapon are seemingly unlimited.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction ✅

b. Complex Subject

c. Complex Object

Define the grammar construction

There seems to be a lot of alloys and compounds that become superconductors under certain conditions.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Another construction

b. Complex Subject ✅

c. Complex Oblect

Define the grammar construction

Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace the conventional one.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Complex Object ✅

b. Another construction

c. Complex Subject